Z₀ / Z_diff
BEM multi-conductor quasi-static extraction from the Glass PDK. Single-line Z₀ and pair-line differential Z derived from the RLGC matrices for the requested glass / TGV / dispersion combination. Calibrated against IEEE-published HFSS-coaxial reference points (3.53 % MAE) and 100 Palace 0.16.0 full-wave runs (105-point cross-check).
Insertion loss
Per-meter attenuation from γ = √((R + jωL)(G + jωC)), aggregated analytically along the requested route length. Returned as a per-frequency curve and as IL at the spec Nyquist.
Crosstalk / warpage
FEXT proxy from pair-line mutual L/C ratio at the band edge. HBM4 warpage is a proxy from stack height, hotspot density, and glass thickness — explicitly labelled "analytical proxy, not measured warpage signoff."